Internationalization & Localization

The Intl object is the namespace of the Internationalization API. It provides a number of language specific formatting and comparison of strings, number, date, time, plurals etc. [MDN]

The W3C provides numerous documents about internationalization with different alphabets and languages [w3.org].

Writing Mode

There are various international writing modes, such as left-to-right ["LTR"] (e.g. used by Latin and Indic scripts), right-to-left ["RTL"] (e.g. used by Hebrew or Arabic scripts), bidirectional (used when mixing left-to-right and right-to-left scripts) and vertical (e.g. used by some Asian scripts). [MDN, spec]

The writing-mode property sets whether lines of text are laid out horizontally or vertically, as well as the direction in which blocks progress [MDN].

Logical Properties and Values is a module of CSS introducing logical properties and values that provide the ability to control layout through logical, rather than physical, direction and dimension mappings. [MDN, css-tricks.com]