Toolchain

Runtime

Node.js is currently the most used JavaScript runtime. It was introduced in 2008 and is based on the V8 JavaScript engine. Node.js supports a subset of TypeScript by stripping types before execution [nodejs.org]. For full TypeScript support, there is third-party tooling available [nodejs.org, privatenumber/tsx, TypeStrong/ts-node].
Deno is a JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime that is based on the V8 engine. It was introduced in 2018. Deno aims to be largely npm-compatible.
workerd is Cloudflare's JavaScript/Wasm runtime. It was open sourced in 2022.
Bun is a JavaScript runtime that is based on the Apple JavaScriptCore engine. Bun has a built-in transpiler for TypeScript/JSX, bundler, and shell. And it includes a npm-compatible package manager. Bun was introduced in 2021.
wasmtime is a runtime for WebAssembly.

WinterTC (Web-interoperable Runtimes Technical Committee) is a committee aiming to improve interoperability of web platform APIs among runtimes. This is important to avoid/reduce API fragmentation between different runtimes. [wintercg.org, ecma-international.org, ecma-international.org, w3.org, runtime-compat.unjs.io]

ESLint - Lint and fix JavaScript (and TypeScript).
Biome
Oxc
Prettier - Opinionated code formatter for JavaScript/TypeScript, HTML, CSS, and more.
Standard - JavaScript Style Guide, with linter & automatic code fixer.
Stylelint - Linter for CSS, SCSS, Sass, Less, and SugarSS.
XO - JavaScript/TypeScript linter based on ESLint.

Less - It's CSS, with just a little more.
PostCSS - Tool for transforming CSS with JavaScript.
- PostCSS Plugins
- SugarSS - Indent-based CSS syntax for PostCSS.
Sass - CSS with superpowers (often called SCSS).
Stylus - Expressive, robust, feature-rich CSS language built for nodejs.

There are tools available to convert from one preprocessor to another [csspre.com].

Babel - JavaScript compiler mainly used to achieve backward compatibility with older browsers.
esbuild - Bundler/minifier for JavaScript and CSS.
Parcel - Compiler/bundler for JavaScript (using SWC), style sheets, and other files.
Rolldown - Fast Rust bundler for JavaScript/TypeScript with Rollup-compatible API.
rollup.js - Module bundler for JavaScript, often used to bundle JS libraries.
Sucrase - Alternative to Babel that focuses on compiling non-standard language extensions: JSX, TypeScript, and Flow.
SWC - Compiler and bundler for JavaScript/TypeScript (currently without type checking).
TurboPack - Incremental bundler optimized for JavaScript and TypeScript, written in Rust.
TypeScript - JavaScript with syntax for types that compiles down to JavaScript.
Vite - Dev server (based on esbuild) and bundler (based on rollup.js).
Web Dev Server
Webpack - Bundle JavaScript, style sheets, and images.

A comparison of different bundlers can be found at bundlers.tooling.report.